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1 σκληρός
-ά,-όν + A 14-12-12-11-10=59 Gn 21,11.12; 42,7.30; 45,5most often with neg. connotation; hard (of work) Ex 1,14; hard, difficult 1 Sm 1,15; hard to accept (of words) Gn 21,11; stiff Dt 31,27; harsh (of sound) Zph 1,14; sharp (of wind) Prv 27,16; severe (of battle) 2 Sm 2,17; thick (of darkness) Is 5,30; stubborn (of pers.) Nm 16,26, see also Gn 49,3; hard, hardened (of pers.) Jb 9,4*Is 8,12 σκληρόν hard-השׁק for MT רשׁק conspiracy; *Zph 1,14 σκληρὰ (τέτακται) (is made) harsh-(םשׂ) צרה for MT (םשׁ) צרח cries (there); *Jb 22,21 γενοῦ δὴ σκληρός be hard-השׁק cpr. Jb 9,4 for MT (עמו ־נא)הסכן סכן acquaint yourself (with him)Cf. HARL 1986a, 307(Gn 49,3); HEATER 1982 74(Jb 22,21); SEELIGMANN 1948 106(Is 8,12); SHIPP 1979,503; SPICQ 1982, 606-610; →NIDNTT; SCHLEUSNER -
2 κρύος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `icy cold, frost' (Hes. Op. 494, A. in lyr., Arist., Jul.).Derivatives: κρυόεις `horrible, lugubrious' (Il., Hes., Pi.), `icy-cold' (A. R., AP, Orph.) with analogical - ο- (cf. also Debrunner Άντίδωρον 28); s. also ὀκρυόεις; κρυώδης `id.' (Plu., Poll.); further perh. κρυερός `horrible, lugubrious' (Hom., Hes., Ar. in lyr.), `icy-cold' (Simon., Ar. in lyr.); cf. below. - Beside κρύος there are as independent formations: 1. κρῡμός m. `icy cold, frost, horror' (Ion., trag., hell.) with κρυμώδης `icy-cold' (Hp., Ph., AP), κρυμαλέος `id.' (S. E.; Debrunner IF 23, 22, Chantraine Formation 254), κρυμ-αίνω `make cold' (Hdn.), - ώσσω `be rigid from cold' (Theognost.). -- 2. κρύσταλλος s.v.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The wordgroup has cognates in diff. languages. On κρύσταλλος, which is Pre-Greek, s.v. The word is sonnected (Chantraine Formation 247, Schwyzer 484) with Lat. crusta `bark, crust'. However, this is wrong as the Latin word has a quite different meaning: `the hard surface of a body, the rind, shell, crust, bark' which protects it' (Lewis and Short); so it has nothing to do with cold; it is used of flumen, indicating a covering or crust of ice, but this is an incidental use, a metaphor, not the central aspect of the meaning. The word, then, has nothing to do with words for `cold, ice'. (Its etymology with κρύος must therefore be given up; there is no other proposal.) Further one connects Toch. B krost, A kuraś etc. `cold' (Duchesne-Guillemin BSL 41, 155 f.), but the -o- is difficult. One assumed for crusta the zero grade of an s-stem (so this is now wrong or irrelevant); beside it one proposed a full grade of the suffix in IE. *kruu̯-es- (?), Gr. κρύ-ος and in Latv. kruv-es-is `frozen mud'. Now *kruu̯-es- is not an admitted IE formation. It may have been * kruh₁-es-. [Not, with Frisk, to the word for `blood' Lat. cruōr \< * kreuh₂-ōs, Gr. κρέ(Ϝ)ας \< *kreu̯h₂-s-, s. v.] - With κρῡμός agrees Av. xrū-ma- `horrible'; but this word is analysed as * kruh₂-mo- and connected with the group of `blood' (above). One compared κρύος: κρῦμός with θύος: θῡμός, but the implication is not clear. The often assumed basic forms *κρύσ-ος, *κρυσ-μός are improbable (Frisk; does Chantraine accept this?) - κρυερός reminds of Skt. krūrá-, Av. xrūra- `wounded, raw, bloody, horrible', which points to * kruH-ro- (and Lat. crūdus `raw', if from * crūrus). κρυερός may have been rebuilt after the adj. in - ερός, but it can as well be an independent derivation from κρύος; cf. Bloch Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 23 n. 22. It might continue * kruh₁-er- (reconstructed above). Chantraine rejects the connection with `blood', as it would not fit semantically (but I think it fits very well) or formally. - A verbal * kreus- appears in Germanic, e.g. OWNo. *hrjósa, pret. hraus `shiver' with the zero grade verbal noun OHG hroso, -a `ice, crust'. On OIc. hrjósa see De Vries Wb., who denies that it has to do with cold or ice. - [Kluge22 s.v. Kruste derives it from `verkrustetes Blut', which must be wrong, s. above.].Page in Frisk: 2,28-29Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρύος
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